| Which is not a characteristic of viruses? | ||||
A) |
Viruses contain DNA or RNA but never both. | |||
| B) |
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. | |||
| C) |
Viruses are active both inside and outside of host cells. | |||
| D) |
Viruses can infect bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals. | |||
| E) |
Viruses exhibit high specificity for their respective host. | |||
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2
|
The main criteria used to group viruses are structure, chemical composition, and what other characteristic? |
|||
| A) |
Type of capsid | |||
| B) |
Overall viral size | |||
| C) |
Area of host cell in which the virus multiplies | |||
| D) |
Similarities in genetic makeup | |||
| E) |
Presence and type of envelope | |||
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3
|
The combination of a viral nucleic acid plus the viral capsid is known as what? |
|||
| A) |
Capsomers | |||
| B) |
Envelope | |||
| C) |
Phage | |||
| D) |
Nucleocapsid | |||
| E) |
Prophage | |||
|
4
|
An enveloped virus may acquire its envelope from all but which of the following? |
|||
| A) |
Nuclear envelope | |||
| B) |
Golgi apparatus | |||
| C) |
Endoplasmic reticulum | |||
| D) |
Cell membrane | |||
| E) |
Cytoplasmic membrane | |||
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5
|
Molecules that protrude from the viral envelope and which are essential for attachment are known as what? |
|||
| A) |
Prophage | |||
| B) |
Extrusions | |||
| C) |
Prions | |||
| D) |
Plaques | |||
| E) |
Spikes | |||
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6
|
The viral envelope performs all but which of the following functions? |
|||
| A) |
Neutralization of the virus | |||
| B) |
Protection of the viral nucleic acid | |||
| C) |
Binding to the host cell surface | |||
| D) |
Assisting in penetration of the viral nucleic acid | |||
| E) |
Stimulation of the host immune response | |||
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7
|
What type of virus has a polyhedral head, a helical tail, and fibers for host cell attachment? |
|||
| A) |
Helical | |||
| B) |
Bacteriophages | |||
| C) |
Icosahedral | |||
| D) |
Enveloped | |||
| E) |
Naked | |||
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8
|
Collectively, viruses can contain all but what type of nucleic acid? |
|||
| A) |
Double-stranded DNA | |||
| B) |
Double-stranded RNA | |||
| C) |
Double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid | |||
| D) |
Single-stranded DNA | |||
| E) |
Single-stranded RNA | |||
|
9
|
At the very minimum, a virus must carry genes for all but which of the following functions? |
|||
| A) |
Mature virus packaging | |||
| B) |
Transcription of RNA to DNA | |||
| C) |
Viral capsid synthesis | |||
| D) |
Host regulation | |||
| E) |
Synthesis of viral genetic material | |||
|
10
|
The viral multiplication cycle dictates all of the following properties except which? |
|||
| A) |
Virus infection control measures | |||
| B) |
Immune response of the host | |||
| C) |
Viral mode of transmission | |||
| D) |
Viral pathogenicity | |||
| E) |
Host cell type | |||
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11
|
What step in the viral multiplication cycle is defined as the copying and expression of the viral genome by the host’s synthetic equipment? |
|||
| A) |
Adsorption | |||
| B) |
Penetration | |||
| C) |
Replication | |||
| D) |
Assembly and maturation | |||
| E) |
Release | |||
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12
|
What is the definition of the eclipse phase? |
|||
| A) |
When the virus is developing but not yet infectious | |||
| B) |
When a virus matures and is capable of infecting a new host | |||
| C) |
When the active, infectious viral particle escapes from the host | |||
| D) |
When the viral DNA becomes latent as a prophage | |||
| E) |
When the virion enters the host cell | |||
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13
|
Most bacteriophages contain what type of nucleic acid? |
|||
| A) |
Double-stranded DNA | |||
| B) |
Double-stranded RNA | |||
| C) |
Double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid | |||
| D) |
Single-stranded DNA | |||
| E) |
Single-stranded RNA | |||
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14
|
Adsorption of the bacteriophage occurs when molecules on the tail fibers bind to what component on the host cell? |
|||
| A) |
Capsomers | |||
| B) |
Nucleocapsid | |||
| C) |
Nucleus | |||
| D) |
Cell membrane | |||
| E) |
Receptors | |||
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15
|
During bacteriophage replication, proteins are synthesized which perform all but which function? |
|||
| A) |
Enzymes for viral nucleic acid replication | |||
| B) |
Make up the viral capsid head and parts of the tail | |||
| C) |
Protect the virus from destruction by the host cell | |||
| D) |
Enzymes that weaken the bacterial cell wall | |||
| E) |
Proteins to repair the hole in the cell wall made during host cell entry | |||
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16
|
The condition in which the host cell chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA is known as what? |
|||
| A) |
Temperate | |||
| B) |
Prophage | |||
| C) |
Lysis | |||
| D) |
Lysogeny | |||
| E) |
Mutation | |||
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17
|
The membrane receptors that animal viruses typically attach to are actually what? |
|||
| A) |
Virions | |||
| B) |
Glycoproteins | |||
| C) |
Capsids | |||
| D) |
Lipopolysaccharides | |||
| E) |
Cell walls | |||
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18
|
The limitation in the scope of hosts an animal virus can infect is known as what? |
|||
| A) |
Tropism | |||
| B) |
Host range | |||
| C) |
Adsorption | |||
| D) |
Latency | |||
| E) |
Exocytosis | |||
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19
|
What does the nucleic acid of an animal virus do immediately upon entry into the host cell? |
|||
| A) |
It duplicates itself. | |||
| B) |
It becomes uncoated. | |||
| C) |
It alters the genetic expression of the host and instructs it to synthesize building blocks for new viruses. | |||
| D) |
It causes the host cell to round up and produce inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. | |||
| E) |
It causes the host cell to enlarge and form multinucleated giant cells. | |||
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20
|
Virus-induced damage to a cell that alters its microscopic appearance is known as what? |
|||
| A) |
Lysis | |||
| B) |
Lysogeny | |||
| C) |
Chronic damage | |||
| D) |
Persistent damage | |||
| E) |
Cytopathic effects | |||
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21
|
Oncoviruses cause transformed cells to exhibit all but which of the following? |
|||
| A) |
Increased rate of growth | |||
| B) |
Alterations in chromosomes | |||
| C) |
Changes in the cell’s surface molecules | |||
| D) |
Production of reverse transcriptase | |||
| E) |
Capacity to divide for an indefinite period | |||
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22
|
What is viewed as a nearly perfect system for viral propagation? |
|||
| A) |
Bird embryos | |||
| B) |
White mice | |||
| C) |
Guinea pigs | |||
| D) |
Humans | |||
| E) |
White rabbits | |||
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23
|
What defines a viral plaque? |
|||
| A) |
The sticky substance that accumulates on teeth | |||
| B) |
Cell cultures infected by a virus | |||
| C) |
Freshly isolated animal tissue placed in growth medium | |||
| D) |
A line of cells that can grow continuously | |||
| E) |
Clear, well-defined areas in a monolayer of cells | |||
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24
|
Why do virologists believe viruses have been an important force in the evolution of living things? |
|||
| A) |
Because they interact with the genetic material of their host cells and they carry genes from one host to another. | |||
| B) |
Because they are the most common cause of acute infections that do not result in hospitalization. | |||
| C) |
Because some viruses are oncogenic. | |||
| D) |
Because viruses can serve as vehicles to treat infections and disease. | |||
| E) |
Because some viruses can cause pleasing effects in certain host cells. | |||
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25
|
“Mad cow disease” is the result of infection of cattle with what agent? |
|||
| A) |
Bacteria | |||
| B) |
Viruses | |||
| C) |
Viroids | |||
| D) |
Prions | |||
| E) |
Delta agents | |||
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