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After studying this unit, you will be able to:
(a)understand what manufacturing industries are
(b) know some types of manufacturing industries in East Africa and their locations.
(C) use fieldwork to study a local factory and its effects on the environment.
(d) understand the factors influencing the distribution and development of any three manufacturing industries
(e) appreciate the contribution of manufacturing industries in transforming primary products.
(f) appreciate the importance of developing industries to process raw materials exported from East Africa .
(g) Understand the effects of manufacturing industries on the environment.
Keywords
4.1 What are manufacturing industries?
In this unit, you are going to learn about manufacturing industries. To revise what you already know about manufacturing industries, do the following activity.
1.Look round your classroom or home and think of what you are wearing or using. Most of the things you see will have been manufactured or made.
2. Copy the table below. Use it to make three lists of the things you can see or use.
3. Suggest the type of goods manufactured here in East Africa. Why are they manufactured here?
4. What types manufactured goods are imported from overseas?
5. Why are these not manufactured here? Are there any of these which could easily be manufactured here in East Africa?
6. From your responses to the above tasks, write your own definition of what a manufacturing industry is.
7. Compare your responses with others in class.
4.2 Types of manufacturing industries
Thee broad types of manufacturing industries can be identified
Consumer goods industries
These industries focus on making goods that are ready for use and which can be bought from shops and other outlets.
Industrial or producer goods industries
These industries focus on making goods to be used by one industry. These are usually made on a large scale and then used by other industries to make smaller things. For instance, cement is used in the construction of buildings or roads; steel is used to make cars
Processing industries
These industries essentially turn raw materials into items to be used. They process raw materials from agricultural, forestry, fishing and mining sectors, and generate products ready for consumption without any higher chain of production. They include; tea processing, sugarcane processing and maize milling.
Work in groups and do the tasks below :
1. Make lists of 5 of each of the types of industries indicated in the paragraphs above, apart from those already mentioned.
2 Which two of these types of industries are most common in Uganda?
3. Share your findings with other groups.
Visiting a factory
1. The best way to find out about manufacturing industries is to visit one. Arrange a visit to a factory if there is one in your area. If you go, find out the following and write a report on your visit. Work in groups so that not too many people ask the same questions. Ask more than one person e.g. ask workers about their conditions if you are allowed to
a).Describe the site of the factory i.e. Is it on flat land? How big is the area etc.?
b) What good does it produce?
c) What raw materials or things does it use to produce these goods?
d) What skills are needed to produce the goods?
e) Where are the goods sold: in Uganda, in other parts of East Africa or overseas?
f) How are they transported to where they are sold?
9) Do they make a profit?
h) Do they pay taxes to the government?
i) Who works in the factory?
j) Are the workers happy with the conditions they work in?
k) Where does it get the raw materials from?
l) How are the goods produced? Try to draw a flow chart to show the stages of production from raw materials to finished products.
m) What benefits has the factory brought to the area?
n) Who owns the factory?
o) Are the workers paid good wages?
p) Where did they get the money or capital to build the factory?
q) Any other ideas you may learn from your visit.
2. If you have access, you can take pictures or record a video using a phone or tablet. Compile a report after the visit. If you do not have any of these, note down your findings in the exercise book.
3. Present your reports to the class for comparison.
4.3 Factors which affect the development of a manufacturing industry
From Activity 4.3 above, you may have found out that the following factors affect the development of any manufacturing industry
In the rest of this unit, you will study some these of factors in relation to various manufacturing industries in East Africa.
Consumer goods industries
As you have discovered from your lists in Activity 4.1, there are many consumer goods industries in Uganda and East Africa These go from individual people making things on the roadside or in markets to large factories using machinery, to make huge numbers of goods. One good example which includes all these types is furniture making.
In many places, you can see people like the man in Figure 4.1 making furniture by the roadside. Through this is a small manufacturing industry, and you can look at each of the factors above and apply them to this man.
Figure 4.1 Making furniture by the roadside
The industry is located on the road side, probably on flat land. The raw materials are probably bought from a local forest or timber dealer and transported there by bicycle, boda boda or truck.
The goods are produced by hand, with hand tools, using skills which the man may have learnt in a training center. The only capital needed is a small amount to buy the timber and the tools, and the man himself provides the labor. The goods are sold to people passing by on the road.
Many manufacturing industries for consumer goods have started in a small way like this.
Do you know any small industries like this in your area? Maybe when you leave school you could start a small industry like this! Figure 4.2 shows an area along the Gaba road in Kampala where many people are making furniture.
Figure 4.2: Furniture made along Gaba road, Kampala
Figure 4.3 shows furniture for sale in a large furniture shop in Kampala. This was started as small shop selling furniture in 1983 and is now one of the largest suppliers of furniture in Uganda. Apart from timber, one of the main raw materials for cushions and other soft furniture is foam, which is also made in Kampala (Figure 4.4). Figure 4.5 shows some of the workers the furniture factory now employs. They have large shops in Kampala and Bukoto, and have many trucks to transport raw materials and finished products. They employ people who have been trained as carpenters in technical colleges.
Figure 4.3: Furniture for sale in a large furniture shop in Kampala
Figure 4.4: Foam, a raw material for cushions produced in another factory in Kampala
Figure 4.5: Carpenters making furniture: these have learnt their skills in Technical Colleges
In groups:
1 Using the photographs in Figures 4.1 to 4.5, the information above, and your own knowledge of furniture and of Uganda, describe this furniture industry, using the headings from the list below.
(a) Market (b) Labor (c) Production (d) Capital (e)Raw materials (f)Skills
2. Choose any other consumer goods industry in your area and describe it using the same list. remember food industries are examples of consumer goods industries.
3. Think of any other consumer goods industry which might be developed in your area. Give reasons for your choice.
4. Suggest advantages for the industry in that area and any problems it might face.
5. How do the furniture and foam industries help each other?
6. Share your ideas with other groups in the class.
4.4 Industrial or producer goods industries
Many industries produce goods, not for sale in shops but for use by other industries. Some of the main industries using goods produced by other industries are the construction industries which construct roads, railways, dams, bridges or other buildings,
In pairs, do the following tasks in your books:
1 Make a list of some of the things used in the construction industry.
2.Which of these are made in Uganda and how many are imported?
3 What would be the advantage to Uganda of making some of the industrial goods used in other industries instead of importing them?
4.What are some of the problems of doing this?
5. Share your responses with other pairs.
Two important kinds of industrial goods made in Uganda are steel goods and cement. One advantage we have for cement is that we have plenty of the main raw materials for cement: limestone.
The cement industry
Cement is made from a number of minerals. The main one is amestone This is mixed with clay and sand which contain other chemicals.
Cement is used in two main ways. If it is mixed with water; it can be put between bricks, and it then dries and becomes hard joining the bricks together. This is called mortar. It can also be mixed with sand and gravel, as well as water. When this becomes dry, it also becomes hard, and we call it concrete. Concrete can be used to build walls, paths and roads and other hard surfaces.
1.Look around your school and try to find any places where cement is used.
2. Make a list of these.
3. Share your list with a colleague.
In Uganda, cement is made in a number of places where limestone is found: Tororo, Mbale, Hima (near Kasese) and Moroto. It is also made at Namataba on the Kampala-Jinja Road near Mukono. Here the limestone is brought to the factory by trucks.
In pairs do these tasks:
1 Suggest why most cement factories are built near limestone deposits.
2 What are the challenges with building a cement factory in a place without limestone deposits?
3 Copy the pictures in your book in the following flow chart showing the stages in producing cement.
4 Read the description of how cement is made and put short labels on the pictures to show the stages.
Figure 4.6: Flow chart of cement making at Tororo.
4.5 Cement industry in Tororo
The largest and oldest cement industry in Uganda is Tororo Cement at Tororo. There is good limestone, and it is near the main road and railway from Kenya to Kampala. The factory is near Tororo Rock which is a big steep – sided hill formed when volcanic lava was squeezed out of the ground to form a volcanic plug.
Tororo Cement was started in 1955 as a government company but was sold to a private company in 1995. The company also makes other building materials such as: galvanized (corrugated) iron sheets for roofing, barbed wire, nails and wire fencing. The whole company employs over 8,000 people, including some from overseas, mainly India.
Study the pictures carefully. Having read the description of the Tororo Cement factory, work in small groups and do the following:
1. Describe the factory and where it is situated by locating Tororo on a map.
2. From the description above, suggest the advantages of where the factory is situated.
3. From the above information, suggest the benefits the company brings to Uganda.
4. Suggest the advantages and disadvantages of a company like this being owned by the government or by a private company. 5. Suggest why many companies like this employ many workers from overseas.
6. Suggest how we can make sure that manufacturing companies owned by companies from overseas benefit the local people.
7. Share your findings with other groups in the class through brief presentations.
If you have access to a computer, you can type your suggestions in word document and print copies for the different groups. If not, present those noted in your exercise books.
Figure 4.7: Tororo cement factory with Tororo rock in the background
Figure 4.8: Tororo cement factory
Figure 4.9: Bags of cement from Tororo
4.6 Processing industries
Processing industries are those which process raw materials before they are exported overseas or sold locally. The main raw materials are agricultural raw materials, mainly crops and minerals.
In groups:
1. Find out two examples of agricultural processing industries and two examples of mineral processing industries in Uganda. You can use the internet or library.
2. Discuss the advantages of processing raw materials before we export them overseas.
3. Suggest what we mean by saying that processing ‘ adds value ‘ to a product.
4. Suggest any products sold or exported from your area without processing, which could be processed to add value to them. 5. 5. Often famers do not have the money or capital to set up a processing industry to add value to their products. How can co – operative organizations help farmers to set up processing industries?
A case study of a processing industry
1. Read the following article and write a brief story explaining the benefits people in Teso hope to gain from the fruit factory
2. The success of the factory depends on having enough fruit to process. In 2010, the factory was not producing as much as it could because – dry weather causing less fruit on the trees. What does this show you about the dangers of agricultural processing industries?
3. What will the farmers have to do to make the factory successful? Do you think they will do it? How will the cooperative help?
4. Share your findings with the rest of the groups in class.
Teso is celebrating the opening of a fruit factory that is going to offer jobs to hundreds.
Soroti fruit factory, which will be launched on Saturday, has offered 123 jobs to the youths who have already taken up their positions.
” That number is for the start but in a year or two, we intend to increase the number to 249″, said the Chief Executive Officer, Soroti fruit factory, Douglas Ndawula
He explained that 78.6 % of the employees hail from Teso sub region, while 21.4 % come from outside Teso sub – region.
As the factory continues to progress, Ndawula believes that about 1,000 people will get indirect or direct jobs from the factory.
Aside from employment, excitement is visible on the faces of Teso fruit farmers who have been lacking a market for their oranges and mangoes.
“We have the capacity to process watermelons, passion fruits, pineapples, and apples but we don’t have those fruits in plenty that is why we started with oranges and mangoes that are available, explained Ndawula.
He says the factory has the capacity to process 6,000kg of oranges and 4,000kg of mangoes per hour.
Ndawula also noted that the factory will be consuming 129,000 metric tonnes of oranges and mangoes annually.
Farmers, through their umbrella, Teso Tropical Fruit Farmers’ Cooperative have 20 % shares, while the government through Uganda Development Corporation (UDC) has 80 % shares.
Figure 4.10: Inside the Soroti fruit factory
The farmers ‘ cooperatives will be responsible for the supply of the fruits to the factory.
The factory was built with a grant of $ 8m from the Korean government and $ 2m from the Ugandan government.
Okot further explained that Soroti juice will lead to healthier lives because it will not use any chemicals. It is healthier than carbonated or ‘ fizzy ‘ soft drinks.
“I encourage farmers in Teso to join cooperatives so that we sell at the price we will negotiate with the factory. Without cooperatives, we will not benefit, “Jorem Opian, the chairman of the farmers in Teso said.
He explained that Teso has got two million trees and farmers were eager to grow more except that they have not been sure of the market.
From what you have read in the news extract about Soroti Fruit Factory:
1. List the raw materials used in the factory.
2. Name the products of the factory. Identify the advantages of the factory for the local and national economy.
3. Share your answers with other classmates.
The distribution of manufacturing industries in East Africa
In groups , discuss the following :
1 Consumer goods industries make goods for sale to people in shops. Suggest what kinds of places consumer goods industries are found.
2 Industrial goods industries make things like cement or steel used in other industries. They either need special raw materials like limestone or a good supply of electricity for processing steel. Suggest where these industries are found.
3. Processing industries process agricultural crops or minerals. Suggest what kinds of places these are found.
4. Draw a map to show some of the places in Uganda where manufacturing industries are found.
5. Compare your suggestions with those of other classmate
Challenges and problems of developing manufacturing industries
There are many problems and challenges of developing manufacturing industries. Some of these have been mentioned already
1 In groups , using what you have found out already , discuss and then write about each of the following in relation to developing manufacturing industries :
a ) The need for capital to build industries
b ) The need for power to run the industries
c ) The need for transport for raw materials and finished products
d ) The need for skilled labor
e ) The need for a peaceful country free from political problems
2 Suggest :
a ) the difficulties of each factor in developing manufacturing industries in East Africa ;
b) How these difficulties may be overcome. Mention any projects you know of.
3.Discuss in groups , and then answer the following in your books :
a) At present Ugandans import some things we could make here, especially second hand clothing and shoes. Do you think we should continue to do so? What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing this?
b) One way to attract people from overseas to build manufacturing industries is to allow them to pay low wages. Do most people working in manufacturing industries receive good wages? Do you think we should have a minimum wage set for all? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?
c) If people receive low wages, what kind of places will they live in?
d) If people receive low wages and live in poor conditions why do people from rural areas still come to work in towns? How can we prevent this?
e) Many manufacturing industries cause pollution by giving off chemicals used in the manufacturing throwing away waste which comes from the factory Give examples of pollution caused by manufacturing industries you know
4. Share all your discussions with other groups
Unit Summary
In this Unit, you have learnt that:
if we process our agricultural and mineral products, we add value to them and can sell them for more money overseas.
Assignment
ASSIGNMENT : Unit 4 Sample Activity of Integration MARKS : 20 DURATION : 1 week, 3 days