Chemicals for Consumers

Chemicals for Consumers

Introduction
Food is one of the chemicals we use in our daily lives. But there are other chemicals, such as medicines and preservatives, which we use on a daily basis, Chemicals play various important roles in our everyday lives and almost everything we use is made up of chemical substances.
In this chapter, you will be able to appreciate that the products used in everyday life exist as chemicals and some of them can be prepared at home or in the laboratory. 5.1 Soaps and Detergents
Soaps
Soaps are cleansing agents made from fats and oils of animals and vegetables. They are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids, formed by the reaction of fats and oils with an alkali, The development of soap as a cleansing agent and its derivatives has improved hygiene and helped to reduce the spread of diseases.

Activity 5.1 (a): Finding out the history of making soap
Work in groups.
What you need:
. Internet

• relevant Chemistry textbooks
  Manila paper
• marker pens
  What to do
  o

1. Carry out research using the Internet or relevant Chemistry textbooks about the history of making soap.
2. Prepare a report from your research. The report should include the timelines e of improving the different forms of soap and when and how they were made.
   Discussion and Conclusion
3. What were the first materials used for making soap?
4. What challenges in production of soap were faced during early times?
5. What improvements have been made in the production of soap?
   Chemical nature of soap
   Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Their nature
   depends on the chemicals used, the method and the intended use of the soap.

Activity 5.1 (b): Exploring the chemical composition of soaps
Work in groups.
What you need:

• marker
• flip charts
• Internet or relevant Chemistry textbooks
  What to do
  I. Carry out research using the Internet or relevant Chemistry textbooks atXRJt
  the chemical composition of soaps.

1. Prepare a report from your research. The report should include the general chemical name and formula for soap.
   Discussion and Conclusion
2. What chemicals are used to make soap?
3. Write the general chemical name and formula for soap.
4. Describe the structure of a soap molecule.
5. What name is given to the prcxess of soap-making?
   Importance of fats and oils in soap-making
   What are fats and oils? Where are fats and oils obtained? Why are they important in soap-making? These are the questions you will explore in Activity 5 Y(c).
   Activity 5.1 (c): Researching about the importance of fats and
   z)
   Work in groups.
   What you need:
   . Internet
   What to do
   oils in soap-making
   relevant Chemistry textbooks
6. Research about the of fats and oils in soap-making.
7. Prepare a report Of your findings and present to the whole class.
   Action of soap
   Soaps are used for cleaning dirty clothes. Clothes become dirty due to deposition of dust and oily or greasy substances_ Water is not capable of dissolving oily or greasy nces. However, the hydrophobic end of soap can do so.

Activity 5.1 (d): Work in groups.
What you need:
. soap (10 g)
. water (2m cmi)

• small bucket
  What to do
  Exploring the cleansing action of soaps
• mortar and pestle
  piece of stained cloth
  with grease/oil

1. Grind the soap into fine powder with a pestle in a mortar.
   2, Add the ground soap into water in the small bucket and dissolve it by stirring to make soap solution.
2. Soak the dirty piece of cloth in the soap solution for five minutes.
   4, Shake the bucket gently for 3 – 4 minutes.
   5, Then, remove the piece of cloth from the soap solution and rinse.
   Discussion and Conclusion
   I. Describe how the piece of cloth appears on rinsing.
3. What is the effect of the soap on the dirty piece of cloth?
4. Using a schematic diagram or flowchart, explain the cleansing action of soap.
   a) List the materials required to make soap
   b) Prepare a plan for your project and in it include the steps you will follow to make soap
   c) Follow your project plan and prepare the soap.
   d) Document your project along the way (as you carry) it out and present your final product
   The chemical nature of detergents
   Molecules Of detergents have both hydrophilic (heads) and hydrophobic (tails) parts (See Figure 52). In the same molecule of the detergent. the different parts have different affinities for the solvent and dirt. One part possesses a high affinity for m)lar solvents, Such as water, and another part has a strong affinity for non-polar dirt particles, They are also known as surfactants, because they decrease the surface tension of water

Activity 5.1 (e): Exploring the chemical composition of
Work in groups.
What you need:
flip charts

• marker
  What to do detergent
• Internet or relevant Chemistrytexttmks
  1, Carry out research using the Internet or relevant Chemistry textbooks atX)ut
  the chemical comgysition of detergents.

1. Discuss as a group and agree on the facts about the composition of detergents and share with the whole class.
   Discussion and Conclusion
2. What chemicals are used to make a detergent?
   i 2. Write the general chemical name and formula for detergents.
3. Give examples of common detergents used at home.
   Additives present in detergents
   Different detergents with different characteristics carry out various cleansing functions. Many additives are added to detergents to provide such functions. Some are: fragrances, bleach, enzymes, fabric softening and drying agents, and
   other ingredients.
   In Activity 5 7(f), you will explore the various additives and their uses in detergents.
   Activity 5.1 (f): Reviewing additives and their uses in a
   detergent
   Work in groups.
   What you need
   fip charts

• marker pens
• Internet or relevant Chemistry textixx)ks
  What to do

1. Carry out research using the Internet or library about types of additives in detergents.
2. Discuss the uses of additives in detergents.
3. Share your findings with the whole class.
   Action of detergents
   Synthetic detergents have the same type of molecular structure as soaps that is a tadpole-like molecule having two parts at each end.

These are; one large non-polar hydrocarbon group that is water repelling
(hydrophobic) and one short ionic group that is water attracting (hydrophilic). Thus,
the cleansing action is exactly similar to that of soaps whereby there is formation of
micelles followed by emulsification.
Activity 5.1 (g): Studying the cleansing action of
detergents
Work in groups.
What you need:
detergent (10 g)

• water (250 cm3)
• small bucket
  What to do
• mortar and pestle
  piece of cloth stained with dirt

1. Add the detergent powder into a bucket of water to make a detergent solution. —l
2. Soak the dirty piece of cloth in the detergent solution for five minutes.
3. Shake the bucket with the piece of dirty cloth gently for 3 – 4 minutes.
4. Then, remove the piece of cloth from the detergent solution and rinse it.
   Discussion and Conclusion
5. Describe how the piece of cloth appears, on rinsing.
6. What is the effect of the detergent on the dirty piece of cloth?
7. Using a schematic diagram or flowchart, explain the cleansing action of detergent.

Discussion and Conclusion
1.Identify each of the following:
a) raw material M
b) acid T
c) substance U
d) substance B
2.State the role played by substance U.
3.Name at least three examples of detergents.
4.Suggest one source of substance M.
5.What role is played by substance B?

Activity 5.1 (i): Comparing the effectiveness of cleansing
actions of detergents and soaps with distilled water
Work in groups.
What you need:
detergent (10 g)
. soap (10 g)

• distilled water (1000 cm3)
  two small buckets
  two pieces of cloth stained with dirt
  What to do
  two small buckets
  mortar and pestle
  chemical balance
  measuring cylinder
  I. Measure 250 cm3 of distilled water using a measuring cylinder and pour in each of the small buckets.
  2.Weigh 10 g each of soap and detergent. Grind the soap using mortar and pestle into powder. Dissolve the soap in one of the small buckets with water
  to make soap solution and the detergent in the other.
  3.Soak the dirty pieces of cloth in each of the buckets containing detergent and soap solution for 10-15 minutes.
  4. Shake the buckets with the pieces of dirty cloth gently for 3-4 minutes.
  5.Remove the pieces of cloth from the detergent and soap solutions. Then rinse the pieces of cloth separately with clean distilled water.

Discussion and Conclusion
I. Describe what you observed with each piece of cloth, on rinsing.

2. Which piece of cloth had all the stains removed?
3. Based on the observations, what conclusion can you make about the effectiveness of soap and detergent as cleansing agent?

Activity 5.1 (j): Comparing the effectiveness of cleansing actions
of detergents and soaps with hard water
Work in groups.
What you need:
detergent (10 g)

• measuring cylinder (50 ml)
  two pieces of cloth stained with dirt . soap (10 g)
  knife
  1 M magnesium sulphate solution two beakers (100 ml)

Safety Precaution
Handle the knife with care, not to hurt yourself or others.
What to do

1. Weigh 10 g each of soap and detergent. Scrap the soap using a knife into small
   2.particles. Dissolve the soap in one of the small buckets with water to make soap olution and the detergent in the other.
   3.Prepare a solution of hard water by dissolving 2 g ofl M magnesium sulphate in 100 cm3 of distilled water.
   4.Use the hard water to prepare 50 cm3 of 5% each of the detergent and soap solutions and put them in separate beakers.
   5.Soak the dirty pieces of cloth in each of the beakers containing detergent and soap solution for 10-15 minutes.
   6.Shake the beakers with the pieces of dirty cloth gently for 3-4 minutes. Remove the pieces of cloth from the detergent and soap solutions.
   7.Then, rinse the pieces of cloth separately with clean distilled water and, then, spread them to dry.

Observation and Conclusion

1. Describe what you observed with each piece of cloth, on rinsing.
2. Which piece of cloth had all the stains removed?
3. Based on the observations, what conclusion can you make about the effectiveness of soap and detergent as cleansing agent?
   Mini Project 5.2 (Preparing Soap)
   a) List the materials required to make a detergent.
   b) Prepare a plan for your project and, in it, include the steps you will follow to prepare a detergent.
   c) Follow your project plan and prepare a detergent.
   d) Document your project along the way and present your final project.

9
Exercise 5.1
Soaps are cleansing agents made from natural agents.
a) Name one natural agent used to make soap.
b) Name the process of making soap.
c) State four disadvantages of soap.

This definition includes any such substance in the production, processing, treatment, packaging, transportation or storage of food. Usually, additives are on food containers, under listed “ingredients”, and often used in small quantities.

Types of food additives
Food additives can be classified by their source or function. In terms of source, there are natural and chemically-made additives.

Activity 5.2(a): Exploring the types of food additives
Work in groups.
What you need:

• flip charts
• marker pens
• Internet or relevant Chemistry textbooks
  What to do

1. Using the Internet or relevant Chemistry textbooks, find out types of food additives.
2. Discuss the functions of each type of food additive and prepare a write-up of your discussion for presentation to a plenary.

Activity 5.2(b): Exploring the types of chemicals in food additives
Work in groups.
What you need:

• Internet connection
• relevant Chemistry textbooks
  What to do

1. Collect and interpret data and report on the types of chemicals used in food additives and their functions. Record your finding s in the Table 5.7.

Analysis

1. Identify which additives act as:
   ii) anti-oxidants.
   i) preservatives.
2. Identify which chemicals are:
   i) food dyes.
   Conclusion
   ii) stabilisers.
3. List the various types and examples of chemicals in food additives.
4. Explain the health and environmental effects of using food additives.
   Banned food additives
   Some food additives can trigger allergic reactions and other mild health problems. However, some food additives pose serious health risks, and have been banned from consumption.
   In Activity 5.2 (c), you will find out more about banned food additives.

Activity 5.2(c): Exploring banned food additives in foods
Work in groups.
What you need:
flip charts
. marker pens

• Internet or relevant Chemistry textbooks
  What to do

1. Research about the banned food additives.
2. Find out the reasons for banning such food additives.
3. Compile a report of your research findings and present it to the rest of the class. Pin it in the study corner.

In pharmaceutical preparation, additives are added to the active ingredients to make drug products. The additives are ingredients other than the active substances added in the formulation of drugs.
These chemicals must be physiologically neutral, physically and chemically stable, and must also comply with legislation. Additives in medicines are added as preservatives, nutrients, and also for flavour and attrative appearance.
Activity 5.3: Importance of chemicals used in medicine
Work in groups.
What you need:

• Internet
  What to do
• relevant Chemistry textbook

1. Carry out research and prepare a report on the types and functions of chemicals used in medicine. Put emphasis on:

traditional medicine derived from plants and animals.
analgesics, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine.

• antibiotics, such as penicillin and streptomycin.
  psychotherapeutic medicine, such as stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.

; Analysis

1. Copy and complete tables 5.3 and 5.4.
2. Identify the differences in administration of modern and traditional medicines.
   Conclusion
3. Discuss the importance of proper administration and dosage of medicines,
4. Discuss the side effects of modern and traditional medicine.
5. 5.4 Contribution of the Chemical Industry to People’s Lives
   Chemical Industries are the prime factors to convert the raw materials into desired
   products that we use in our day-to-day life. This has brought a great change in the way the things operate.
   The chemicals from the chemical industries serve as raw materials for other industries.
   The chemical industry supports industries, like food, pharmaceuticals, textile, agriculture, environment, hygiene, decoration and transportation among others. It has also significantly been used in recycling industries to control the use of new products.

Activity 5.4(a): Contribution of the chemical industry to
people’s lives
Work in groups
What you need:

• support material (given in Table 5.5)
  What to do

1. Study and complete Table 5.5 showing the contribution of the chemical industry to our lives.
2. Discuss other contributions of the chemical industry which are not indicated in the Table 5.5.
3. Discuss the side effects of chemicals on life and the environment.
4. Prepare and present your findings to the rest of the class.
   Table 5.5: Importance of chemical industry to people’s lives

Common traits among scientists in carrying out research
Are we all good researchers?
Successful scientists have common qualities that have enabled them to succee
this challenging task, The qualities required to be a good researcher can be broken
down into specific core competences.
Activity 5.4(b): Exploring qualities of scientists carrying out research
Work in groups.
What you need:
. Internet

• relevant Chemistry textbooks
  notebooks
• pen S
  What to do
  1.Research and note down the traits shared among researchers.
  2.Discuss the role of each of the following qualities and present your findings in a plenary session:
  a) patience
  b) meticulousness
  3.State any other two qualities needed.
  c) perseverance
  d) innovativeness

Chapter Summary
In this chapter, you have learnt that:
soaps and detergents are useful cleansing agents. They are made from different substances to improve their properties.

• additives are added to food to improve its palatability and to preserve it. flavourings add good smell to food but anti-oxidants prevent it from oxidation. food labels indicate the ingredients in food, thus are an important component of food packaging.
  food additives must be taken carefully, because excessive use may have negative consequences.
  medicines are very important in treating different ailments and conditions.
  medicines may be herbal or conventional. Herbal medicine has been with us for a long time. It has fewer side effects.
  conventional medicine must be taken as directed by medical personnel.
  we must check the expiry date of medicine before we use it. Expired medicine is dangerous to our health.

End-of-Chapter Questions
1.Why is sodium chloride used in the preparation of soap?
2.Explain in detail how soaps are:
a) similar to detergents
b) different from detergents
3.Discuss whether food additives can be done without.
4.Explain how various common chemicals are useful in life.

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