LSC S2:Water

Introduction
Your body can last for weeks without food, but only days without water. “Water is life,” Did you know that the body is made up of 50 to 75 per cent water? Water forms the basis of blood, digestive juices, urine and perspiration, and is contained in the lean muscle, fat and bones. Can you think of the elements that
make up water?
This Chapter will equip you with knowledge of water in health, meal preparation and the effects of its imbalance in the body.
Sources of water

As the body cannot store water, you need fresh supplies everyday to make up for losses from the lungs, skin, urine and faeces. The amount you need depends on our body sizes, metabolism,
the weather, the food you eat and your activity levels. What are the sources of water that you have in mind? Drinking liquids is not the only way to stay hydrated.

You get about 20 percent of your water each day from food. You can get even more if you eat certain foods. There are benefits Of taking in water through food. You absorb it more slowly and get
nutrients along with the water.
Activity 3.1
Identifying the sources of water
In groups,

1. Identify the selection of foods that you and your family commonly take.
2. Which of those are sources of water?
3. Discuss the responses and write them on a chart to be presented to the class.

Water performs various functions in the body. Failing to drink
enough water can increase the risk of kidney stones and, in
women, urinary tract infections. It can also lower physical and
mental performance, and salivary gland function, and lead to
dehydration.
Activity 3.2
Discussing the uses of water
In groups,

1. Discuss the uses of water in the body, summarise them on flipcharts and present them to the class.
2. Make a poster, and design it well, with a message of advice and encouragement to the community to take sufficient fluids.
3. Water loss by the body
   Your body tends to lose a lot of water in hot weather. Dehydration occurs when the water content of the body is too low. This is easily fixed by increasing fluid intake. If dehydration is not
   corrected by fluid intake, eventually urination stops, the kidneys fail, and the body can’t remove toxic waste products. In extreme cases, dehydration may result in death. What do you think are
   the different ways in which you lose water from the body

Activity 3.3
Discussing the ways in which water is lost by the body
In groups,

1. Discuss the ways in which water is lost from the body.
2. Use graphic pictures or hand drawn photographs to illustrate what you have found out to the whole class.
3. Effects of water deficiency and its management
   You will find yourself very uneasy if you take days without taking foods rich in water. Babies and children are susceptible to dehydration, particularly if they are ill. Vomiting, fever and
   diarrhoea can quickly cause dehydration. Dehydration can be a life-threatening condition in babies and children. If you suspect dehydration, take your baby or child to the nearest hospital
   emergency department immediately.

Activity 3.4
Discussing the effects of water deficiency and its management
In groups,

1. Discuss the effects of water deficiency.
2. Suggest different ways of managing water deficiency in the body.

Activity 3.5
Making a poster to encourage people to take sufficient fluids
Working together in small groups,

1. Design a poster under a theme ‘Sufficient fluids is the way to go.”
2. Share your poster with other groups in class.
3. Locate a place in the school compound and place your poster.

Preparing a hot and cold non-alcohol drink
Product development
Since water serves several purposes in the body, there is need to have more creativity in preparation of drinks that
provide water, These can be cold or hot drinks.
Activity 3.6
Preparing drinks that provide water
In groups,

1. List down the various hot and cold non-alcoholic drinks.
2. Select and prepare two of the drinks.
3. You are free to adapt any of the following recipes of foods that enrich the body with water.
   Sample recipes for cold and hot non-alcoholic drinks
   These are recipes of foods that provide plenty of water in the body. You could consider the following, among others. Recipe for making bushera
   Ingredients

• 4 tablespoons of sorghum flour or millet.
• 2 cups of water.
• 2 tablespoons of fermented portion of the sorghum grain.

Method

• Mix hot water with flour to make porridge.
• After mixing the water and flour for about 15 minutes over
  high heat, a fermented portion of the sorghum grain is added.
• The liquid mixture of all three ingredients is then chilled in the fridge or freezer and is ready for drinking.
  Note:
  The grain is fermented by soaking in water for three to five days, then dried and crushed to form a thick, paste-like substance. Nutrients in bushera Sorghum is a source of B vitamins, iron, zinc and proteins.
  While research shows that sorghum may be useful in managing cholesterol and reducing the risk of diabetes, bushera manufacturers say that the nutrients found in sorghum also
  provide energy. Beetroot and Green Apple Soup
  Ingredients

• 4 medium beetroots, peeled.
• Ilh green apple.
• 1 medium onion, peeled.
• 1 tablespoon of olive oil.
• A pinch of salt to taste.
• Black peppercorns (crushed).
• 1/2 tablespoon of butter.
• 2% cups of vegetable stock.
• 1/2 tablespoon of mixed dried herbs.
• 1/4 cup fresh cream.
• 1 tablespoon of lemon juice.
• For garnishing use parsley sprigs.

• • Switch off heat and add mixed dried herbs.
• Blend the prepared mixture along with fresh cream
• to make a smooth puree.
• Strain the puree into the same non-stick pan.
• Add lemon juice and mix well.
• Pour the beetroot mixture in individual square glasses,
• garnish with parsley sprigs, sprinkle some chilli flakes on
• top and put soup sticks in each glass. Serve hot.
• Mango drink
• Ingredients

• 2 mangoes.
  3 cups of syrup.

• •Wash and peel the mangoes.
• Chop the mangoes into cubes.
• Place them in a blender and add a little syrup.
• Blend well.
• When well pureed, stain the drink.
• Serve cold.
• Pineapple drink
• Ingredients

• 1/4 pineapple.
  A pinch of salt.
• lh lime.
  Syrup and water to taste.
  Method
• Skin and grate the pineapple.
• Squeeze juice and lime, and remove the seeds.
• Add a pinch of salt, syrup and cold water.
• Chill and serve.
  English Tea
  Ingredients
• 2 cups of hot water.
• 3 cups of plain milk( without water).

• 2 tea bags/2 teaspoons of tea leaves. Some sugar.
  Method
• Fill a kettle or a covered pan with cold water and set it
• When the water has boiled, pour a little of it into a teapotflask to warm it, turning the water around it and then pour it away.
• For each cup of tea desired, place a spoonful of tea leaves
  or 1 tea bag into the empty, warmed teapot or flask.
• Put the milk to boil,
  African Tea
  Ingredients
  3 cups of water.
  2-3 teaspoons of tea leaves or 2 tea bags.
• 2 cups or 3 cups of milk.
  Herbs and spices e.g. ‘Halicise’, ‘lemon grass’, mint, cinnamon, ginger cardamom, rosemary (optional
  depending on Personal preference

Method

• Put the water to boil in a kettle or a covered pan.
  When it is nearing boiling, add the milk and allow it to heat up.
• When the mixture is nearing boiling, add the tea leaves and other herbs, and spices of your choice.
• Strain and serve in a teapot or flask which has been warmed by pouring hot water in it, turning it around and pouring it away.
  Traditional Drinks
  Banana drink
  Ingredients
  •
  Ripe bananas from either kisubi, mbidde, and kayinja.
  Spear grass or ripe banana leaves.
  Boiled drinking water.

Method
Peel the ripe bananas and put in a large container. Mash the banana finely.
Wash the spear grass leaves and crush them or ripe banana leaves.
Add the crushed spear grass to the mashed bananas in bits as you squeeze, and knead vigorously until it produces-a clear juice.
Continue until the juice is fully extracted from the bananas. Add boiled water to the mixture to dilute to the desired sugar concentration, and then squeeze out the grass. Use a fine strainer to remove all suspended particles from the banana juice.
Serve chilled.

• Note:
• The ratio of grass should be slightly greater than that of the bananas.
• Mixed fruit drink
• Ingredients
• 3 passion fruits.
• 2 tangarines.
• 1 orange.
• 1 large mango.
• 1 slice of pineapple.
• 1 litre of syrup.
• The combination of fruits can be adjusted to use fruits of your choice such as watermelon, pawpaws, and oranges.
• The quantities should also be adjusted according to personal taste and preference.

• Note:
• A slice of watermelon is usually added for purposes of improving colour.
• Method
• Prepare all the fruits accordingly and put them in containers.
• . Peel the pineapples and mangoes, and chop them into cubes.
• . Squeeze juice out of the oranges and the tangarines.
• .Put the fruits in the blender and add a little syrup.
• .When the fruits are partially blended, add the passion fruits and blend them together.
• Do not allow the passion fruits to turn to black.
• Add the orange and tangarine juice and blend it for a very short time.
• .Add more syrup and sieve the blend to get the drink to beserved.

Fruit punch (Ginger and Lemon)

• Method
• Peel the pineapple and put the peels in a pan with water.
• Add crushed fresh ginger, lemon and orange juice.
• Bring to boil and leave to simmer for 10 minutes.
• Add tea leaves and then strain into a clean container.
• Leave to cool.
• Blend the watermelon and passion fruits and other fruits and
• add to the cooled mixture.
• Add syrup to taste.
• Strain and serve cold with ice cubes.

Orange milk shake

• Ingredients
• 2 glasses of milk.
• 2 tablespoons of vanilla ice
• cream.
• 2 tablespoons of orange
• squash/juice.
• 2 slices of orange or lemon
• for garnish.

• Figure 3.6: Orange milk shake
• Method
• Chill the milk.
• Mix with ice cream and orange squash/juice.
• Whisk for a few minutes.
• Pour into two glasses.
• Garnish with the orange or lemon slices and serve cold.

• Ingredients
• 1 tablespoon of coffee powder.
• 1 cup of boiling water.

• Method
• Boil freshly drawn cold water.
• Place the coffee powder in a coffee pot and pour boiling
• water in it.
• Let it stand for about 5 minutes, until the coffee powder
• settles to the bottom.
• Serve with milk and sugar.